About “One is not born a woman” by Monique Witting Essay

Monique Wittig was born in July 3, 1935 in the Haut Rhin departwork forcet in Alsace. She moved to Paris in the 1950s, where she studied at the Sorbonne. Her first novel, LOpoponax, published by Minuit in 1964, immediately drew attention to her when it was awarded the Prix Mdicis by a jury that included Nathalie Sarraute, Claude Simon, and Alain Robbe-Grillet. Praised by such influential writers, the novel was quickly translated into English, where it overly won critical acclaim.Wittig became very involved in the events contact the insubordination of students and workers in whitethorn of 1968. Like earthly concerny others, she realized that the nucleotide manpower excreteing the revolt were non inclined to shargon leadership. Wittig was mavin of the first theoreticians and activists of the new feminist movement.It was in this atmosphere of radical political action that she completed what is often considered her most influential work Les Gurillreticuloendothelial remains published in 1969. Revolutionary both in form and content, this novel has been widely translated, debated, and used as a source of ideas by many major feminist and homosexual thinkers and writers around the world.In May 1970, Wittig co-published what erect be described as the manifesto of the french feminist movement. Ever since, Wittigs kit and caboodle have included both fiction and non-fiction essays evolving an ongoing dialogue between theory and literary practice. end-to-end the untimely 70s, Wittig was a central figure in the radical lesbian and feminist movements in France. She was a founding member of such groups as the Petites Margurites, the Gouines rouges, and the Fministes rvolutionnaires.In 1973 she published Le corps lesbien (translated into English in 1975 as The Lesbian Body), and in 1976 Brouillon pour un dictionnaire des amantes (translated into English in 1979 as Lesbian Peoples Material For A Dictionary), co-authored by her partner Sande Zeig. In 1976 Witt ig and Zeig moved to the United States.From that time on, Wittig turned her attention increasingly toward theoretical works, and a number of her most famous essays date from the late 70s and early 80s. In a variety of genres ranging from the philosophical essay (The Straight Mind) to the parable (Les Tchiches et les Tchouches) she explored the intersections of lesbianism, feminism, and literary form. well-nigh of these essays were published in two journals. She became part of the editorial collective of Frances major theoretical journal, Questions fministes, and she was advisory editor to an American journal, Feminist Issues, founded in part to make available in English the important works creation published in France, notably in Questions Fministes. Her work became truly bi-lingual, as she translated her own work from English into French, and vice-versa.She also translated Djuna Barness Spillway as La Passion. in the first place translations include Marcuses sensation-Dimensio nal Man and the Portugese The Three Marias Nouvelles lettres portugaises. She was a professor in womens studies and French at theUniversity of Arizona in Tucson, where she died of a heart attack on January 3, 2003. Monique Wittig called herself a Radical lesbian.5 This feeling can be found throughout her books, where she depicted only women.To avoid any confusion, she stated on that point is no such thing as women literature for me, that does not exist. In literature, I do not separate women and men. One is a writer, or one is not. This is a mental space where provoke is not determining. One has to have some space for freedom. Language allows this. This is about building an idea of the neutral which could light sexuality.A theorist of material feminism, she stigmatised the myth of the fair sex, called heterosexuality a political regime, and defined the basis for a social contract which lesbians refuse and it would be incorrect to say that lesbians associate, make love, resilie nt with women, for woman has meaning only in heterosexual systems of thought and heterosexual economic systems. Lesbians are not women. (1978)For Wittig, the phratry woman exists only through its comparison to the category man, and woman without relation to man would cease to exist. Wittig also developed a critical view of Marxism which obstructed thefeminist struggle, but also of feminism itself which does not question the heterosexual dogma. Through these critiques, Wittig advocated a strong universalist position, saying that the insurrection of the individual and the pouch of desire require the abolition of gender categories.Main IdeaSimone de Beauvoir said One is not born, but becomes a woman. Wittig states that there is no natural woman and that the idea of cosmos feminine is created by society. She also notes that since a lesbian society does exist, this defeats the idea of natural woman. However, Wittig recognizes that many battalion still believe the oppression of wom en is biological as well as historical. Wittig explains further that this could never be a lesbian approach to womens oppression because it is based on the idea that the root system of society is heterosexuality.Also, biology or the capability of having children is not enough to define Woman. Wittig also discusses the idea that sex is like race in the sense that it is visible and therefore seems to be farseeing to some kind of natural order. This leads to the lesbian perspective that this perception of Woman is very unnatural because it was created and based in advance the womens liberation movement. Wittig states To refuse to be a woman, however, does not mean that one has to become a man .Meaning, that refusing to be a woman is simply just refusing to accept imposed ideas of femininity. She also clarifies Thus a lesbian has to be something else, a not-woman, a not-man, a product of society, not a product of constitution, for there is no nature is society It is not enough to sim ply promote women (woman is wonderful concept) it is the idea of being a man or a woman which are political categories and not natural hold inns that ineluctably to be rejected.A materialist feminist approach sees women and men as separate yres. on that pointfore, the goal is to suppress men as a word form, not through a genocidal, but a political struggle . This marrow that if there was no longer a class called men, there would no longer be a class called women. The first step would be to dispel the myth of Woman. Wittig states that woman is there to confuse us, to blot out the reality women . She believes that thenew focus would be on personal identity.Wittig also presents a Marxist perspective. She states that Marxism lead to two results for women the order of men and women was assumed to be natural and the conflict between men and women was apart(p) behind a natural division of labor. Also, if women united it would threaten the strength of the people in a Marxist society .Wittig concludes by calling attention again to the rejection of the myth of Woman. She believes that the categories of sex must be extirpateed and that all sciences that use these expositions should also be rejected. She again comes back to the model of lesbianism she states that this is the only category that goes beyond woman and man currently. So, in order to reject this myth of Woman we must destroy heterosexuality as a social system which is based on the oppression of women by men and which produces the doctrine of the difference between the sexes to justify this oppressionLiterary EvidenceHer discussion is based on Simone de Beauvoirs quote One is not born a woman, but becomes a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch (a man who has been castrated), which is described as feminine. not only is this conce ption still imprisoned in the categories of sex (woman and man), but it holds onto the idea that the capacity to give birth is what defines a womanBefore the socioeconomic reality of black slavery, the concept of race did not exist, at least not in this modern meaning, since it was applied to the lineage of families But what we believe to be a fleshly and direct perception is only a sophisticated and mythic construction, an imaginary formation, which reinterprets physical features (in themselves as neutral but marked by the social system) through the network of relationships in which they are perceived.They are seen as black, therefore they are black they are seen as women, therefore, they are women. But before being seen that way, they first had to be made that way. .said to belong to a natural order. To refuse to be a woman, however,does not mean that one has to become a man referring to lesbians. Thus a lesbian has to be something else, a not-woman, a not-man, a product of socie ty, not a product of nature, for there is no nature in society.The refusal to become (or to remain) heterosexual always meant to refuse to become a man or a woman, consciously or not. For a lesbian, this goes further. It is the refusal of the economic, ideological and political power of a man. Simone de Beauvoir underlined particularly the stupid consciousness which consists of selecting among the features of the myth (that women are different from men) those which look good and using them as a definition for women.. defining women the best features (best according to whom?) which oppression has granted us, and it does not radically question the categories man and woman, which are political categories and not natural givens.Feminist- Someone who fights for women as a class and for the disappearance of this class Someone who fights for woman and her defense-for the myth, then, its reinforcement. Early feminism for them these features where natural and biological rather than social . They adopted the Darwinist theory of evolution.They did not believe like Darwin however that women were less evolved than men, but they did believe that male and female natures had diverged in the business of evolutionary development Our fight aims to suppress men as a class, not through a genocidal, but a political struggle. Once the class men disappears, women as a class will disappear as well, for there are no slaves without masters. But to become a class we do not have to suppress our individual selves, and since no individual can be cut down to her/his oppression we are also confronted with the historical necessity of constituting ourselves as the individual subjects of our history as well.There is no possible fight for someone deprived of an identity Speaking of Marxism For women, Marxism had two results. It prevented them from being apprised that they are a class and therefore from constituting themselves as a class for a very long time, by leaving the relation, women/m en outside of the social order, by turning into a natural relation Marxist theory does not allow women any more than other classes of oppressed people to bring into being themselves as historical subjects, because Marxism does not take into account the fact that a class also consists ofindividuals one by one.The opposite is also true without class and class consciousness there are no real subjects, only alienated individuals.. The advent of individual subjects demands first destroying the categories of sex. We are escapees from our own class in the same way as the American runaway slaves were then escaping slavery and becoming free This can be accomplished only by the destruction of heterosexuality as a social system which is based on the oppression of women by men and which produces the doctrine of the difference between sexes to justify this oppression. reference book to previous readingsWomens Time Julia Kristeva (giving birth as a realization of womanhood) The Laugh of the Med usa Cixous (beauty myth)

Database Management Systems Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database Management Systems - science laboratory Report ExampleAll the users of the system must be satisfied. It is, therefore, essential that the underlying informationbase, which is the core data source and storage, meet all the needs. This project aims to implement a possible underlying database for a familiar Practice. A General Practice is a people centered environment, thus details of people is important for any form of operations to be undertaken. Patients trickle in and are admitted while doctors treat patients and enjoin medicines. Patients female genital organ also be referred to another(prenominal) health institutions it sent to the laboratory for medical tests. All these activities halt to be recorded somewhere, and in such a way that the records reflect on these important activities. Additionally, doctors and other health workers need this data to perform even basic tasks such as appointment and referrals. diagnosing can also be made with the aid of a repository of possible diseases, which the doctor can use to decide on the next course of action. This system bequeath use a database cognise as GP for General Practice.We begin by identifying the main entities of the system. These are the the near obvious entities that will reflect on the database in its first normal. More entities can be derived from these so as to alter a normalized database when translating it to its physical schema.For this project, we used MySQL Workbench Community Edition for the modeling as well as the physical design. The UML diagrams and SQL code in this report have been directly extracted from MySQL Workbench CE. Connection to the database was through the WampServer, which to boot holds the final database. The tables are written in Standard Query Language (SQL). Therefore, any code in this paper will be in this language.The patient is a nonfunctional entity within this system, but it the most important data source since all operations are

Terminator technology as an ethical issue in business Essay

Terminator engineering science as an honourable issue in telephone circuit - Essay ExampleTherefore, the standards govern the relationship between people for a mutual benefit for every parties concerned. Terminator technologies are a form of perfect patenting (Jeurissen and Rijst, 200720). Organic patenting is an issue of ethical concern in the realism today. The idea of organic patenting has received conflicting treatment all over and has generated an emotional theme. The orchestrate of contention being whether it should be accepted or rejected. The subsequent discuss has further picked on the ethical concerns associated with this practice in regards to addressing the law of natural order. Organic patenting involves the law of giving the rights of an organism to a grumpy party, organisation or a person (Jeurissen and Rijst, 200727). The concept of exterminator engineering science, therefore, as a form of organic patenting is a technology designed to genetically alter a pl ants capacity to evolve a second time. The motive behind this business idea is to force farmers to purchase fresh impart of seeds. Thus, the terminator technology is a patent given to corporations to protect them from unscrupulous farmers. The control of seed technology prevents the growers from pirating based on the premise that if crops remain fertile farmers may use the transgenic seed from previous season. By farmers using these seeds, then they lower the profits of the companies owing to reduced sales. The ethical issue in this discussion is the traditional rights of the farmers, and the companies rights of patenting (Jeurissen and Rijst, 200720). Discussion This paper seeks to unveil the controversial theme of terminator technology in impairment of the environmental disasters, and the effects of seeds patenting by companies on farmers. From the ethical point of view, this paper shall discuss those affected by this technology, those who bear the greatest responsibility, and the aspect of the situation that violates the rules of conduct, as to what constitutes good or bad (Jeurissen and Rijst, 200735). Terminator technology is presently the greatest danger to humanity. If this technology is used in large scale in the world today, it poses a huge threat it will entirely lead to the disaster of paucity and starvation for human race on a worldwide scale. Farmers who store seeds that they harvest, and plant them in the following season support more(prenominal) than half of the world population. This, therefore, means that seeds are planted and then harvested. In addition, the seeds are harvested and then replanted. many farmers face the problem of buying seeds every season. Therefore, harvesting and replanting seeds becomes a significant aspect of the farming process. If terminator technology is the way to go, then farmers have to pay for seeds every other season. Apart from the danger of famine and starvation to huge populations terminator technology po ses another disaster It spells a significant contribution to the declination of health and the environment. This is probably to affect hundreds of scores around the world. The effects of terminator technology as a form of seed patenting to farmers are far reaching. Seed patenting on farmers causes a lot of concern because the upbeat of a majority of the world populace may end up with food insecurity. In a country like India, sorryer farmers have even committed suicide. This type of technology is also feared to force poor farmers to be more dependent. In addition, patent holders may manipulate the available supplies with intent to drive seeds food market prices. This is likely to alter the resources available to the farmers and render them helpless. It is will also

Choose a specific television show. How does this television show Essay

Choose a specialized television show. How does this television show portray society What does it reveal about the nature of huma - Essay exampleThis serial publication is a actually good example of sustenance style of New York, and it showed how a immense city life style potentiometer affect the benevolent nature. The style of this show is unique as all episodes were narrated by Ted Morsby. Ted Morsby is the main character who after the marriage of his best fri hold ons Marshal and Lily wanted to influence complicate with a good job, wife and kids (Astro46). Ted narrates the whole story of looking for a wife to his ii kids. His narration consisted of some very comical situations, which happened in the life of characters. The show is an example of life of small New Yorkers, and how they spent time and share their dreams with their friends. The series show some very important aspects of human nature all sensitive issues of big cosmopolitan city dwellers were shown in a very ridiculous way. The show was a good example of how the citizens of New York attach themselves proudly to this great city. In the future(a) lines, we will be discussing how peoples nature change after coming from different cities and subsiding down in a big cosmopolitan city. The show how I met Your Mother was not simply screaming(prenominal), only when it depicted life of materialisation New Yorkers and their thoughts and aims and their life style. All the main characters were proud to be called New Yorkers though only two of them Barney and Lily were true New Yorkers. It showed how people feel proud to be called New Yorker and how small funny incidences can carry big messages. The main characters, Ted, Robin, Barney, Lily, and Marshal are in their early thirties, and this is the time when a person not only wants to be settled in careers but also wants to strike married and have kids. The program was a very good portrayal of young people of American society who have got educ ated and are on their way to settling down in life (Astro46). The series showed the fast life of New York and how young people work firm to achieve their aims and dreams. The series depicted how these young people wanted to achieve their goals in a very comical style. It showed how people manage their personal lives in a very fast life style. The series portrayed different aspects of human nature in a very humorous manner. It showed that in a big city true friendship can matter a lot. True friends fight and get jealous but at the time of need they offer their shoulder to cry on it. The series depicted how we can forget our very own close relations in the fast life of New York. One such example in this show of human nature was on the terminal of Marshals father when he wanted to know his fathers last give tongue to message to him. The worried look of not getting embarrassed in front of his family was on his faced. He was getting jealous of his siblings. It was a very normal just like any sibling jealousy and struggle to be loved more than other siblings. His true desire was that his father should have given(p) a very special message to him. This episode truly depicted how people exaggerate and recognise false stories about the dead people. In this episode, Barney made everyone realize that it is human nature that last language are always thought to be something great. This episode proved that sometimes getting angry can give you consolation as was in the case of Marshals mum. The actions of different people on a sad occasion of death were shown in a very hilarious way. In the end of the episode everyone realizes the importance of their loved ones. It can therefore be concluded that the series was a hilarious

Ethics in Cyberspace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in Cyberspace - Essay mannikinCybercrime is one is one of the problems that many people using Internet face. It is more acceptable to impute an apparent expedient program, which is a harmless virus for downloading than selling the details of nodes to the third party. This is because the program whitethorn be utilitarian to people, and this is a matter of trying to gain experience. Since, the program is useful and harmless, the Internet user may benefit from the program in case it succeeds. Hester and Ford reveal varied cybercrimes and most of them are un estimable. Examples in this essay describes such programs. A virus that may destroy someones randomness is a crime that many technology hackers commit. Although, this is more acceptable than selling a customers information to the third party because some many people protect their computers with anti-virus. In conclusion, it is more acceptable to put an apparent useful program, which is a harmless virus for download on a Website than selling customer details to third party marketing companies without telling the customers. This is because the computer expert may create useful program that may helpful Internet users. Moreover, the computer experts may want to test their capability in technology which is acceptable. Others experts may want to reveal their talent through creating of useful programs in the Internet. Sending useful programs that are harmless is vital because they may not infect data files. Ethical hacking is help because it enables ethical hackers to create vital programs that are useful.

Mini project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mini project - undertake Example..8 Competence and qualification of the teacher..8 Students factor that affect potentness of information.9 The level of the bookmans memory9 Students practice..9 Engagement of the student with real life situations.9 Analysis.11 References list..12 Questionnaire to the respondents13 Questionnaires coding14 What factors are important to UEL unde... In learning, ones knowledge capacity is increased, there are some tendencies of changing of beliefs, behaviors considering the lessons learnt. It is not just anybody who learns about something gear up the experience and the skills. This calls for an effective learning from the learner. Many keep back learnt but they have not benefited from the learning. What might have caused it, is it they did not learn effectively or they were not lucky. There are various notions about his and more reaches have been done about the topic and every look into tends to come with the crush ways to read a lesson out of le arning. However, the basic reason why people tend to fail to get the best out of learning is because they did not learn effectively. One may wonder what is effective learning. Everybody has a assorted perceptive when it comes to effective learning. However, all the different perspectives of effective learning come from the different factors that affect effective learning. This paper tries to consider these various factors those UEL undergraduate students consider to be the ones that leads to effective learning. The research question wishes to tell apart the various factor that leads to effective learning, and if these factors are determined by age, the school, or the students. As part of the objectives, the research wishes to put up together these various factors so that UEL students can get the best out of their learning. methodological analysis The research employed sampling design which is a definite plan for obtaining a sample of a given population. In the sampling design, pro bability sampling will be used where every level in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Among the reasons for

Why poverty should be more aware in schools Research Paper

Why poverty should be more(prenominal) aware in schools - Research Paper ExampleHowever, their impact varies from person to person. Sometimes people cleft over this turmoil stricken stage with ease, but in some cases one observes juvenile delinquency.In 1994, police reported about 500 violent youth crime arrests for every 100,000 10-17-olds in the population. baseless youth crime then fell sharply from 1994 through 2001, before rebounding somewhat through 2008. (J.A. Butts par.4)thither are several factors involved that trigger such impulsive behavior such as in the flesh(predicate) conflicts, competition, socio-economic issues. To minimize the probability of propagating juvenile delinquency among youth, it is important to provide them proper coaching, a healthy purlieu to develop and moral support. Studies show that tiddlerren belonging to under privileged class are more abandoned to go astray, and get themselves involved in mischievous activities (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 2000 p. 189). Therefore it may prove helpful to uprise students about poverty and make them understand the hardship that is faced by their school fellows who do non enjoy the same economic background.In terms of achievement, the risk for poor relative to non-poor children is 2.0 times as high for grade repetition and dropping out of high school, and 1.4 times as high for having a learning disability. For other conditions and outcomes, these risk ratios are 1.3 timesas high for parent-reported emotional or behavior problems, 3.1 times as high for a teenage out of wedlock birth, 6.8 times as high for reported cases of child abuse and neglect, and 2.2 times as high for experiencing violent crime. (Duncan and Brooks-Gunn 2000 p. 189)The only place where poor children get a chance to mingle with their rich counterparts is public schools or at most a playground. Apart from that these children drip most of their time in a much stressed environment. Poverty may not be a curse, but it is enri ched in capacity to give birth to social evils. It is a driving cram that