Components of atmosphere Essay Example for Free

particles of atmosphere EssayThe main components of atmosphere are almost invariant. However, the content of water desiccation is an exception that it varies with the changing of location, season and time. Oxygen and water vapor plays a significant role on the processes of atmospheric eating away. Therefore, atmospheric corrosion can be classified in the following three categories Dry corrosion Damp corrosion Wet corrosion Component Percent/% Component Percent/% Component Percent/% Atmosphere 100 H2O.Components of atmosphere (Impurity excluded, 10? ) 2. 1 Dry corrosion In the absence of significant water vapor, many common metals break out films of oxide. In the presence of traces of gaseous pollutants, copper, silver and other non-ferrous metals undergo film formation which is known as tarnishing. The tarnishing of silver in air is well-known. Tarnishing by henry sulfide may be retarded by moisture if present in very small amounts. 2. 2 Damp Corrosion Damp corrosion would occur only when the relative humidity reaches 70% which is considered generally as the critical value for the onset of corrosion.The precise level of critical humidity varies with the character of contaminants, such as dust and salt particles, and the composition of metals. For instance, in the presence of marine salts corrosion is stimulated at lower values of relative humidity. The residue between the damp and absurd environment is very narrow and it is more representative of a climatic condition rather than the magnitude of corrosion. Damp environments prove the corrosion of most metals. Water saturated with dissolved gases, such as CO2, H2S and SO2, cause severe corrosion of iron and steels, copper, nickel, silver and other non-metallic materials and alloys.For example, silver loses its sparkle and develops a tarnished film of sulfide on coming in contact with H2S, and copper develops tints and becomes black. In agricultural areas abundance of ammonia, particularly during t he rainy seasons, subjects copper fittings to seasonal worker cracking and causes serious damage to water distribution systems. 2. 3 Wet Corrosion This is the most frequently observed form of atmospheric corrosion, where the water layers or pockets are formed on the metal surface, and the metal surface remains constantly in contact with water.The rate of corrosion would depend on the solubility of the corrosion product. Higher solubility means a higher rate of corrosion, because the dissolved ions increase the electrolytic conductivity. In case of alternate dry and wet conditions, the dry corrosion product film may absorb moisture from the air which increases the rate of corrosion of the metal by bringing the moisture in contact with the metal surface. Patina formation on copper, such as brochantite, and corrosion of iron and steel structures are common examples of corrosion caused by wet atmosphere.

Post War Europe Essay Example for Free

Post fight atomic number 63 EssayThe ball contend II refers to the global remainder that took place amid 1939 to 1945. Also referred to as the Second orbit War, the impinge pertain some nations, especially the great powers. The conflict had two opposing military alliances, the Axis and the Allies (Hakim, p 8). This contend has been considered as one of the most spread contend in the world muniment since it involved the mobilization of more than 100 million military personnel. The Allies alliance during the war was made up of countries that opposed the Axis powers. The Big triple or the three major nations that take the Allied Alliance were the united States of America, Britain, and the centre of Soviet Socialist Republic. Other nations that were part of the Allied Alliance include China, France, Poland, Australia, Canada, and S surfaceh Africa. The Axis Alliance opposed the Allies, and it was led by three major Axis powers. These powers were Germany, Italy and Ja pan. These three countries in September 1940 had signed a multilateral Pact upon which the Axis Alliance was founded. Other nations that were part of the Axis Alliance included Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.Some the Axis co- belligerents included Finland, India, Vietnam, and Iraq. The state of total war as a result of this conflict had the major nations that were involved affair their scientific, industrial, and economic capabilities in order to develop weapons or plan military strategies that would maximize their luck of winning the war (Russell, p 15). It is estimated that over 70 million raft were killed, with the majority being civilians. This made the war one of the deadliest human conflict to forever occur. The war began in 1939, and was triggered by the Germanys invasion of Poland.This later led to the France, United Kingdom, and the United States declaration of war on Germany. Some of the well know events that occurred during the Second World War include the Operation Barbararossa, Pearl Harbour attack and the Marco Polo Bridge incident. The war ended in 1945 and had the United States and the Soviet Union turn out to be the superpowers. The World War II broke out in europium later onward Hitler led the Axis Alliance by first invading Poland. There were several major do of Second World II on Germany and Europe.In this paper, these effects will be discussed. major effects of World War II in Germany Germany was one of the leading nations in the Axis Alliance against the Allies during the Second World War. Germany is considered to have positive some of the most sophisticated and most destructive weapons during the war. Together with the cost of military operations, Germany utilize a great amount of its finances to develop weapons for use during the war. The Nazi Germany which was led by Adolf Hitler invested great amounts of financial resources to cater for the costs of the war.In 1936, Adolph Hitler in his efforts to purchase war materials at low sets imposed price controls on the Germany people. Rationing later followed in 1939. Price controls that were put on food led to food shortages during the war. This led to the people growing their food and doing duty trade with their personal belongings for food. Compensation trade was born during the war as a result of the wide spread barter trade. Due to the line of descent to business transactions, many business firms hired a person who could barter a firms output. The barter trade was inefficient compared to the direct purchase of commodities and services victimisation money.According to a Germany economist Walter Eucken self- sufficiency and barter trade were incompatible. Due to an extensive labor component part, Germans economic system had been trim down to a primitive teach (Harlett 1978, p. 34). The Germany saving afterward the war was in shambles. In the housing sector, Adolph- Hitler scorched earth policy together with the war had affected about 20 per ce nt of the housing. Germanys economic hardship had the food production per capita from 1938 to 1947 reduce by 51 per cent. In addition, the occupying powers had set the food ration between 1040 and 1550 calories per day.As compared to the industrial out put in 1938, Germanys out put in 1947 was only a third of the 1938 industrial output. Due to the death of a large number of works -age men during the war, Germany had inadequate labor. The economic hardship had triggered the Germany government to put in place measures that would rejuvenate the countrys economy. The government eliminated the price controls that were initially there, eon the currency was reformed. This occurred in 1948. Later in 1948 and1949, there was reduction of the marginal tax rates. These measures saw the Germanys economy grow rapidly 20 years after the World War II.Germanys economic problems can also be attri thated to the World War I effects. Before the World War I, the German pudding stone had a prosperous ec onomy. However,after the war,Germanys economic prosperity was considered to have been ruined by treaties such as the 1919 Treaty of Versallies. The signing of the treaties by Germany together with the World War I effects led to great inflation in the early 1920s. Though Germanys economy improved after the First World War, the economic problems that characterized this period to some extent came to affect Germanys economy after the World War II.The first several years in Germany after the World War II were of great economic problems. This resulted from the destruction of property, land, and homes during the war (Klopstock, p 285). Furthermore, many Germans fled from their homes during the war, a situation that made working almost impossible. This reduced the economic productivity of the nation, whose negative effects after the war became evident. In addition to this, the industrial and agricultural production had drastically reduced in Germany. some millions of people lacked food an d clothing as the inflation raged in Germany.Food shortage had become severe and each day, and particularly on weekends, vast hordes of people trekked out to the country to barter food from the farmers(Wallich, p 65). Despite the economic problems that the Germans were experiencing, the political leading were able to exploit the situation in order to digit a real strong economy in future. The economic problems encouraged the German political leaders to focus on the future plans of reviving Germanys economy. The leaders saw a new beginning in the ruined economy, where the economy was viewed as an instrument of prosperity.The need to have a prosperous economy would thus assist the Germans to have a stable society, as well as to safeguard democracy. The leaders sought both the economic prosperity and favorable peace. A prosperous economy would also make sure that there was equal opportunity for all the German citizens so that eruption of a vicissitude would be prevented when bitt er frustration of the underprivileged social groups was avoided. The reviving of the German economy and economic system that had been reduced to a primitive condition (Hazlett, p 34) due to the economic problems experienced as a result of the World War II became important.The economy was revived through the efforts of some Germans post war leaders such as Ludwig Erhard. The currency reforms that were introduced through the efforts of Erhard led to the abolition of the Reichmark and the Deutsche mark introduction. The installation of the new currency began in 1948 led to economic success. Furthermore, Erhard abolished the Nazi and the occupation regulations and rules. This was the beginning of a prosperous and free economy in Germany, which in turn established the foundation of a growing West Germany economy. apart(predicate) from the economic problems experienced in Germany, another major effect of the World War II(WWII) in Germany was the stratum of Germany into two (East and West Germany) for about 40 years. The division occurred in 1949 and ended on October 1990 to reunite the two sides. The three Allied Zones of Occupation were brought together to form West Germany. These three zones were those that were held by France, United Kingdom, and the United States. The two special territories in Germans two states were Berlin and the Saarland. Since the West was democratically organized, it considered itself to have exclusive mandate for all of Germany.The Yalta Conference that was held by the Soviet Union, United States, and the United Kingdom leaders aimed as paving the way forward for future arrangements with the Europe after the World War II. It was during the conference that the leaders decided to split Germany into four occupation Zones. These Zones included the French Zone, American Zone, British Zone, and the Soviet Zone. West Germany was formed in 1949 and comprised of the Western Allied Zones. The Soviet Zones formed the East Germany, which was also re ferred to as the Germany Democratic Republic.The West Germany economy grew so rapidly due to the economic aid from the United States and also the marshal Plan. But more importantly, the currency reforms that were introduced in West Germany strengthened the economy. Both the East and West Germany had mutual recognition of each other and the relation between the two was normalized by treaties such as the Treaty of Warsaw(1970),Basic Treaty(1972) and the Treaty of Moscow(1970). West Germany became cosmopolitan due to the western culture influences while East Germany was conservative.The East Germany adhered to the socialist ideologies, where there was less freedom as compared to West Germany. In addition, the West Germany government was more decentralized and East Germany had a government based on the Communist ideaologies. The reunification of the East and West Germany occurred on 3 October 1990 to form the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the current Germany. The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to separate the two regions, but it was destroyed in 1989 after the reunification of East and West Germany.The third major effect of the World War II on Germany was the great attainment in technology. This resulted from Germans great technological ability to develop and use spicyly sophisticated and powerful weapons and industrial technology. Germany is considered to have developed and apply some of the most powerful and sophisticated weapons during the World War II. For instance, Germany managed to develop powerful anti-aircraft weaponry, aircraft bombers, bombs, guns, rifles, and chemical substance weapons. The jet aircrafts which had been developed late during the war were advanced after the World War II.The Navy advancements during the World War II paved way for more technological development in the nautical field. The German designs such as the Type VII submarine were used during the World War II, and the technology was later used after the war for great er advancement. For instance, after the division of Germany into West and East Germany, some of the Germans intellectual privileges that were of industrial advantage. The Allies who had control over West Germany confiscated Germans intellectual privileges and used them for their own companies.This led to rapid growth in industrialization due to the technology that had been developed by the Germans. Major Effects of World War II on Europe The World War II had so many countries involved, with the majority being from Europe. Examples of European countries that took part in the war included the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, France, and Poland. These countries and Europe as a continent experienced some major effects of the World War II. One major effect of the World War II on Europe was economic problems.The World War II had demanded that nations that were involved in the conflict invest their scientific, industrial, and economic capabilities. This required huge amounts of financial re sources. Before the war, many European nations had very strong economic abilities. The nations economic and population advantage was very essential for success in the war. In addition, the European nations that had major industrial and financial developments included Germany, United Kingdom, and France. Industrial development that had spread across Europe before the war had generated to great economic development in the European nations.The Industrial Revolution had led to rapid economic growth, which put the European nations at a right position to compete with the United States of America which was then an economic might. The World War II led to the destruction of Europes industrial centers and this affected negatively the in high spirits production of products or commodities that would be sold to increase economic growth in Europe (Tucker, p 771). The European infrastructure that was greatly destroyed made it hard for the citizens to undertake activities that would contribute t o the economic growth.The European countries during the war had continued to increase their spending on developing and producing military weapons. There was construction of strategic road network by some European nations with the aim of increasing their probability of winning the war. The need for synthetic rubber and oil from coal to use during the war promoted great financial investments by the European nations. For instance, Britains economy was harnessed to the World War II efforts. The destruction of Europes infrastructure led to economic problems.The persecute of the road and rail networks during the war made it very difficult for the European nations after to move the essential goods from one place to another. The economy was exhausted, a good example being Britains economy. For the European countries that were involved in the World War, their economies experienced severe inflation. Though rationing and luxury goods absence in Europe before the war had encouraged people to s ave, the people were unable to spend their savings since there were no commodities to purchase as would be preferred.The economic hardships in Europe made some European countries to borrow heavily from other nations with a strong economy such as the United States. The economic hiccups in Europe were later followed by economic recovery, where the currency reforms quickly reestablished money as the preferred medium of exchange and monetary incentives as the prime removal firm of economic activity (Heller, p 215). Another major effect of the World War II on Europe was environmental destruction. The World War II resulted to great environmental destruction. In many cases, any warfare or military conflict has very devastating effects on Europes inwrought environment.Improvements in technology during the war led to the invention of military weapons that were very destructive to the human life as well as the natural ecosystems. For example, the use of powerful and sophisticated bombs in t he war destroyed animal and plant life. Furthermore, new chemical components that made up the weapons were released into the environment. This affected the soil fecundity and composition, and this made it impossible for land to regain its fertility. The chemical components released from the explosives used in the war made it impossible for some arable land to be fur-bearing again.Many parts of Europe that acted as military grounds experienced great environmental degradation. The technological advancements during the World War II were incompatible with environmental preservation. War can never be compatible with the preservation and conservation of the natural environment. The environmental degradation that was occurring during the war was not a bother to the parties that were involved in the war. The military operations, destruction of natural vegetation to build communication lines and roads, and artillery shelling destroyed the environment.The new and effective ways military str ategies that were used by the different nations forces to attack the enemies or defending themselves from the enemies increased environmental destruction. Long after the war ended, Europes natural environment has not yet recovered from the destruction it experienced during the war. In the era of technological advancement and industrialization, environmental issues seemed to cause very little concern in Europe, because the effects of the war have proved that the war through technological advancement had become a great environmental threat.The increased use of chemical weapons resulted to long-lived negative effects on the environment. The waste disposal practices during and after the war in Europe resulted to significant contamination of soils and ground water with high explosives (Pennington et al, p 163). For example, the use of high explosives has made the recovery of the environment from destruction in Europe almost impossible. Consequently, the environment has become a health encounter to the people with the land mines that are still trapped in the soil/lands making some parts of the Europe land inhabitable.The areas were turned into waste land. prominent technological advancements were another major effect of the World War II was witnessed in Europe. These changes that were witnessed were as a result of the nations that took part in the war fight back to invent and use better and powerful military weapons than their rivals. The technological development during and after the First World War promoted more advancements after the World War I . This is because, the improvements made after the World War II were an improvement on those that had earlier been invented.The inventions were considered as very critical when it came to winning the war, and this promoted technological inventions that were very instrumental to the economic development of many European nations after the war. The use of radios and electricity became possible due to the technological de velopment witnessed during the wars. research that had been intensively done by the Allies and the Axis with the aim of outdoing each others weapons became very important to more inventions after the war.The technological innovations of the war paved way for the naval technological development witnessed up to date. For instance, the introduction of aircraft receivers and radio communication systems during the war led to more development in naval industry long after the war. The technological advancement became a very vital requirement for survival during the war no doubt led to greater inventions after the war in Europe. Conclusion The World War II has been considered as one of the most devastating conflict to ever occur.This is due to the high number of people who were killed during the war. The various nations that were involved in the conflict invested greatly to the war efforts through finances and scientific inventions. Germany was one of the major players in the conflict and it proved to have great ability to develop and use powerful weapons against its enemies. The major effects of the war were both positive and negative. While some effects have been devastating to the people and the natural environment, others have brought about development in various fields of economic growth

Site Investigation And Preparation Construction Essay

Site Investigation And Preparation Construction EssaySelect any industry that you know. Imagine how you prep be the order the stages you see to go through. Picture the document, the site investigation. Do you have any by-law? Follow your imagination and write a mini report. Sketch (include figure) an example of a great(p) site layout. Briefly explain why it is a bad lay out.IntroductionNowadays, population in Penang increasing rapidly but in Penang we are less free space for anatomical structure. Therefore, for reducing land space used, we are going to construct 20 storey build. We from NZL construction has to construct a capacious apartment in residential subject field. This apartment consists of 20 floors which cover nigh 3300sq.ft in Penang. In order to start our construction, firstly we need to investigate and tack together the site (SI). The activities during preparing the site are earthwork, site clearing, fencing, dewatering, staking, and build temporary infrastructu re for worker and build shortcut access for heavy vehicle. The construction is referring law of Penang. accusatory of SIThe SI needed to construct an construction that will lowering as frequently the inconvenient toward public and area during the project running. Besides, it s excessively need to make sure that the site is worthy for the construction.Site InvestigationThe geological and geotechnical parameters must suitable for the construction. There, we must extract the soil by exploitation boring technique. This technique won t produce noisy that will set off the residents. Moreover, the technique is more economical that will save our budget. After the interrogatory is conducted, we now know our geological suitable. Now, we can continue constructing the project. First of all, we must clear the site. Ex cutting the existing tress that in site area and likewise demolishing old building. Next, excavating the surface for the formation level and slope stabilizationThe problem faces sooner and during constructionThe problem may occur before construction1. There are low-spirited rivers in the construction site.2. Demolishing the old building bring unsatisfied among resident3. Difficulty in transporting the materials to the construction site because near to the town and residential areaThe solution1. The river will cover up by the soil from cut and fill2. Build suitable drainage system to void flood in the site and the residential area.3. Give some pay back money for the residents for their loses in the old building4. To avoid traffic jam, disturbing the resident and also for safety reason work carrying the equipment and materials such as tractor, timber and other is after peak that around 10 am to 3 pmProblem that may faces during the construction1. Weather of the country is unpredictable. Its can be raining day without any sign.2. The theodolite of the raw materials is far away from the site cause the site is near to residential area.3. Not enough spa ce for keeping raw material small site area.4. Safety for the resident. It s quite not safety when the heavy vehicle transporting the raw materials5. The noisy sound from the construction site will disturb the residents suss out6. Flowing of heavy vehicle will damage the road.7. The piling will affect the soil condition that may cause unstable condition for the foundation levelThe site layoutSite layout is as references for a perfect construction. In must smartly plan to reduce careless as much as we can. It s also to avoid delay in construction. The site layout is as below1. Warning notice to warn public and workers at the construction. This is all-important(prenominal) to warn public people and also give awareness among the workers.2. Briefing is needed for the workers3. The site must secure from authorized people such as public workers. So, for more protection we need to fence around it.4. The raw materials must be keeping systematically. If there not enough space, we need to absorb it.5. Electricity and watering is at the site. Producing this important thing must illegal and systematic to curb problem during construction that may delay project6. Facilities for the workers must considerate. Must be fully constructed with electricity and water.7. Consultant and contractor office must nearby the siteBad site layoutBad site layout may cause easier thing to be more difficult especially when it did not plan well.This is example of bad layout. Why we categorized it as bad layput1. Do not show road those heavy vehicles need to follow by.2. No place to keep raw materials3. No fencing around the construction site4. Too simple plan layout.5. No welfare for the workers such as toilets and canteenThe site layout must be very clear including sketching road, and fence. Besides, site layout also must show the whole construction. The alternative road also must be suggested to avoid traffic problem and make the transportation raw materials operate easier. Moreover, plac es for keeping the raw materials must be covered up by water proof to prevent it from damage internally and externally. Besides, all the welfare for workers unavoidably to improve time by time to give comfortable and tidy place for them. This may give them spirit and courage them to work harder.This site is operated by Academic Computing, Centre for Information Communication Technology, Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaTodays Hits 45,796Total Hits 1,061,804

The Dividend Policy at Linear Technology

The Dividend Policy at unidimensional TechnologyLinear Technoloy(LT) is a community founded in 1981 by Robert Swanson. Its reach of actvity is development, production and commercializeing for semiconducting materials intaked in various electronic applications used by the communication industry to the automotive industry. It mainly focuses on the analog surgical incision within the integrated circuits industry and, by market capitalization, it is the seventh- large-mouthedst comp each listed on the Philadelphia product line Exchange Semiconductor Index (SOX). Regarding its customer portfolio, the communication industry accounted for 33% of Linears sales, computers 27%, automotive 6% and the reliever of 34% was divided by the rest of the industries.Linear Technologys Payout PolicyLinears payout policy is comprised out of two elements dividend payout and blood line salvation. In general companies determine to payout dividends after transitioning from a high growth stage to ma ture and still stage. (Grullon Michaely, 2004). Linear started paying dividends in 1992. This decision was establish on good expectations regarding the analog circuits market and the fact that Linear had a top position in the industry. Also the CFO of the society stations out that, since the IPO, the comp each had supreme hard currency flows. Thus paying out dividends would signal a strong position in a risky market and the transition to a more than(prenominal) mature state of the company. As observed by some investors the technological companies had been just reaching that stage when paying out dividends was possible. The initial footing for a distribute was set at US$0.05. This amounted for 15% of the congeries earnings of the company in the fiscal year of 1994. The relative low take aim was based on two principles. The first principle was that dividend payout demands a veritable respect from investors so in order to send the right signal into the market and cajole new investors, the company had to pay dividends. This in turn would mean a thoughtful payout ratio that the company could sustain all over cartridge clip thus lead-in to the second principle. This states that a low level for dividends would better suit the company in the event of less than expected earnings. In this case the company would non have to cut down or even stop paying dividends. Thus a bad signal to the investors is avoided. Since 1992, the payout ratio has been growing steadily, getting terminal to 25% in 2003. Considering that 2002 meant a decline in sales and earnings, the company board and its management is debating on whether to profit the ratio or to keep it into pact with company earnings. The CFO of Linear is confident that the business prospects and the cost structure can support an increase and he expects that this increase go away send a good signal to investors. From the repurchase point of view, as stated by Paul Coghlan, CFO of Linear, one primary c ausa that we buy back the pipeline is to offset the exercise of employee stock options. An other reason was also the market conditions. The low elicit rate offered by Linears high-grade security investitures encouraged the company to use the specie-at-hand to buy back sh bes thus making a better use of the cash balance. A third reason was that, despite a large cash balance the company did not have any acquisition plans. The company repurchased shares sporadically between 1993 and 2001, and quarterly since then but a lucre without any obvious pattern.Considering twain elements, the companys mixed payout policy at disco biscuitds to all shareholder requirements by increasing the level of dividends quarterly and by managing in a cautious charge a large cash balance.What are Linears funding needs?LTs income statement and revenue growth seems to be relatively stable over the past 11 years (1992-2002) with the ejection of the boom during the peak(2000-2001) of the IT bubble and t he bust after the burst of this bubble(2002). However even in economic downfall LT still managed to obtain a positive net income income and net cash flow. This is due to LTs limited costs set up and relatively low financing needs. It is stated that in the semiconductor industry, research development investments, capital investment in new fabrication facilities, and retaining top engineers are of crucial importance. LT focuses on analog semiconductors and as such has stable and modest research and development costs. The analog fabrication facilities investments are more durable and account to a relative investment of approximately 20million per year. Finally LT uses a bonus structure for its executive compensation, keeping salary expenses lower when sales revenues decline. Additionally LT expresses little desire in surfeitive investments, cash is handled rattling orthodox with investment strategy in predominantly short-term debt securities, however LT is looking at potential bus iness opportunities in the Asian markets, , if LT was to proceed with this plan this would increase its financing needs substantially. All in all resulting in a relatively low financing need for LT with regards to internal factors. With regards to external factors LT could endure financing needs resulting from market risks and the unclear effect of the Iraq war on the American economy, this results in the need for LT to hold a higher cash reserve. We leave behind treat this issue more in depth in the subsequent part.Should Linear revert cash to its shareholders?Some shareholders have recently expressed the desire for LT to relapse its cash, however this desire is not necessarily shared by all shareholders. Theoretically returning Cash to the shareholders can reduce agency conflicts because it reduces cash in hands of the firm which can be invested in bad projects. It also reduces the costs of under(a)investment if LT decides not to invest this cash it holds. The agency conflict seems relatively micro considering LTs investment behavior and thus would be of relatively little importance when considering if LT should return cash to its shareholders. However asymmetric information exists and shareholders are unaware whether or not LT will remand its current investment policy. Additionally returning cash to the shareholders can give positive signals to the market closely the future prospects of the firm. This could be of great potential importance considering the industry in which LT operates and the recent economic downturn this industry experienced. Conversely, if LT was to hold on to the cash this would preserve their liquidity levels which would both allow the firm to invest in positive NPV projects without entering the capital market, and additionally create a cushion against potential economic or fiscal distress. Regarding the financial cushion aspect of belongings cash, if LT returns cash to its shareholders it should not return the full 1,5billion, but considering the current economic situation should preserve at to the lowest degree $200mto cover unexpected expenses. In the past LT has not shown great interest in investing other than in short-term securities, however, LT has been looking for business opportunities in the Asian market, holding cash in the firm increases the firms potential to respond to such an opportunity when it comes along. Bearing in mind LTs sales earnings, cash flows, and investment practices, it becomes evident that current dividend payments are not at the level they could potentially be. As observed by Janus Capital, the largest single holder of LT stock, current dividend payments are exclusively a token relative to the level of cash LT holds, whence it would be possible for LT to increase its current dividend level. The problem with dividend payments its in flexibility, once LT decides to increase its dividend payments it will be hard for them to return this to its current level at a later stage. C urrently LTs dividend payments is at a competitive level with respect to its peers on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Semiconductor Index (SOX) and other engineering companies. As stated in the case even a penny increase in dividend level will move the payout ratio to a level above most(prenominal) other technology levels. This brings us to the question why a company would decide to payout dividends. Commonly corporations at a mature stage without many growth opportunities and a stable positive cash flow. As discussed earlier LT can be identified as a relatively stable and mature company with stable costs and relatively stable growth. However as a technology company, LT is sensitive to the market, which has become evident in its 2000-2003 results. During the IT bubble LT performed exceptionally well, but after the burst sales dropped with 47% relative to the year prior. However, looking at the figures of 2003 we can see that LTs sales recover quite quickly, ending 2003 with approxi mately $602m in sales, which is in line with 5 year sale average ($636m). It could therefore both be argued that growth is not stable for LT and thus dividend payments are relatively risky for LT with regards to market reaction when dividend payments are reduced. However, growth has always (with the exception of 2002) been positive and LT could thus be deemed relatively safe. (Graham et al, 2005) Usually repurchases are used when the firm holds an excess in cash e.g. to reduce agency conflicts and underinvestment. Dividend increases relate more to an excess in free cash flow. In the case of LT, the firm holds an excess in cash but due to economic situation over the past two years does not have a relative high free cash flow. In this respect LT is looking to reduce excess cash, thus cash returns via repurchase would be more in line with firm performance. When considering how to return cash to the shareholder levy matters but in a second-order manner (Brav et al (2005)). This is due to the fact that take to be return to shareholders is financed after tax payments and thus the manner of returning value to shareholders with respect to taxes affects predominantly shareholders. Shareholders, under current tax system, pay relatively more tax on dividend than on repurchases. However, the tax argument is only applicable for those shareholders who are indifferent towards holding or selling their share, long term shareholders would prefer dividend payments regardless of tax difference. If new tax proposal would pass there would be no tax difference with capital gain for shareholders thus with regard to taxes they would most likely prefer dividend payments. However repurchases reduce the number of outstanding shares and thus increase EPS and share prices. Even though share prices will increase with dividend increases also, when dividend payments are increased and the firm at a later stage, cannot pay these dividends or reduces them this results in a decrease of share pr ice, where a non-continuum of repurchasing practices has no effect on later share prices. Additionally if the firm does not want to reduce or vacate dividend payments for this reason they might decide to split the stock, increasing the number of outstanding shares and thus decreasing the EPS. therefore both shareholders and firms should only prefer an increase in dividend payments over repurchases when cash flows and growth rates are stable for the firm with little or no expected future change, even when tax rates are set to be equal. With regard to the option compensation for executives, the repurchases would induce more value than would dividend increase, which should be considered in an industry where there is talent competition. Concluding, LT should return some of its cash to its shareholder, however, not all cash should be returned, and preferably not through an increase of common dividend payouts. This will be further discussed in section 5 of this report.What are the tax c onsequences of keeping cash inside the firm?In the event that LT would decide to keep the cash within the company instead of paying out to its shareholders LT will endure certain costs with respect to taxes. The benefit of keeping the cash in the company means that LT will have the liquidity needed to enter in NPV projects when opportunities arise without needing to access the capital market for costly funding. However, with respect to taxes, not entering the capital market for funding can be deemed inefficient due to the tax deductibility of debt and interest payments on levering. At a 30% corporate tax rate the bare(a) value of a dollar is thus lower for a firm not using debt financing (Martnez-Sola et al (2009)). This can be identified as an opportunity costs of keeping cash within the company instead of returning this to its shareholders. Being identified as a cost of returning cash to the shareholder and a benefit of keeping the cash in the company, liquidity allows LT to inve st and thus potentially earn interest on the cash. LT maintains a conservative investment strategy and predominantly invests in short-term debt securities. This, as identified in the case, in recent years resulted in a low interest return to LT, encouraging LT to return more cash to its shareholders. However, considering that only capital gains are taxed, this at any positive interest rate assumed the gain achieved by interest payment will be higher than the step-down in tax rates. Taxes can only be effectively reduced by increasing the payments to employees or research development with the use of sales revenue (thus reducing free cash flow), not existing cash, or by the use of debt financing.If Linear were to pay out its entire cash balance as a special dividend, what would be the effect on value?One evidential target of the dividend distribution is to show investors that Linear has a good position on the market, and to buy shares from Linear Technology is not comparable with th e risk which is commonly associated with the purchase of shares from technology companies. With a dividend Linear Technology wants to reach investors that have income goals besides of growth goals.In case of a dividend distribution demand for shares will rise. If investors know that a dividend from a certain amount will be paid, the share price increases by the dividend that will be paid. In case of a share price of $30,87 and a dividend of $5,01 the new share price will rise to $35,88. As the dividend will be paid at a certain point of time investors are ready to pay the amount of the dividend additionally to the share price of $30,87, as the dividend will be paid out. Depending on the time until the dividend is paid not the whole amount of dividend is added to the share price. If there is still a certain period of time until the dividend will be paid, only the net present value of the dividend, which is announced will be added to the share price. It also can be said that the clos er the payment of the dividend gets, the more the amount of the total dividend payment is added to the normal share price. That also means that consequently the market value of equity also will rise. At the day ex-dividend the share price will drop below the level of the pre-announcement day, as the dividend as driver of the rising demand had been paid. The additional value of $5,01 that were relied to the dividend is not part of the share value any more. The dividend, as part of the equity, is paid to the shareholder. The EBT will go down now as interest income decreases. Because of the decreasing interest income also taxes are declining. As the reduction on interest income is higher this does not play such a critical role.Special DividendRepurchaseNr of outstanding shares312,4312,4Share value30,8730,87 trade Value9643,7889643,788Special Dividend Paid5,01New Shareprice 135,88Nr of Shares repurchased50,70New outstanding shares261,70Loss of interest income46,96EBT273,44Earnings189,49 Earnings Per share$ 0,72Figure Effects of repurchase or special dividendWhat if Linear repurchases shares instead?.The repurchase of shares is another option besides of a dividend distribution. Advantages of repurchasing shares is the reduction of systematic risk and cost of capital. Information and rumours about repurchase of shares will increase the demand before the repurchase date and therefore makes the repurchase more expensive. Usually a premium of one until ten per cent has to be castd. To calculate the number of new shares that can be purchased the cash balance has to be divided by the new share price. To calculate the new market value the new share price with the total number of shares has to be multiplied. on that pointfore also the earnings per share would increase. On the other hand it should be taken in mind that normally the increase in share price is not from a long-term perspective. Primarily firms in low heavy industries can benefit from an increase of the shar e price from a long-term perspective and can outperform the market. In more concentrated industries there will be no statistically significant change. In general the repurchase of shares has a negative effect on the share prices of competitors. Therefore often competitors mimic the behaviour and also do a repurchase of shares. (Massa, Rehman, Vermaelen, 2007)In the study of Grullon and Michaely it is shown that within a 6-year period the repurchasing firm benefits from an essential reduction in systematic risk in comparison to non-repurchasing firms. A negative effect of repurchasing are decreasing investment opportunities. This does not play a decisive role in this case, as in both options there would be a reduction of cash flow. Also in case of stock options for employees the repurchase of shares is an efficient possibility to control the market. To repurchase shares at the point of time when employees sell their rights of stock options makes it neutral from a trading perspective. As Mr. Coghlan stated that Linear Technology wants to offset the exercise of employees stock options with the repurchase of stocks. From the company and management side flexibility is the main advantage for repurchasing in comparison to dividend distribution (Brav, Graham, Harvey, Michaely, 2005). The flexibility can be used to increase repurchases when stock prices are low. Also the higher tax burden in case of dividends can be taken as an argument for repurchasing instead of paying dividends, although in the study it is shown that taxes do not play a primary role and that repurchasing does not change the investors clientele. This point which is also taken as an argument for paying out a dividend by Linear Technology can therefore be de-emphasised.Why do firms pay dividends?When a firm generates free cash flows it has to decide what to do with them. It can reinvest in positive NPV projects, if they are present, and increase the value of the firm. This practice is very common for y oung firms that pursue rapid growth and sometimes invest 100 per cent of their cash in this way. More mature firms, that operate in more mature market, however, do not always have these opportunities and hold more cash than there are potential positive NPV-projects to exploit. Such a firm with excess cash can either retain it in reserves or pay it out to shareholders. Two payout choices are repurchases and dividends. When firms pay-out they have some(prenominal) reasons for it. Although not entirely proven, dividends are a possible tool to signal good news to the market and to prevent managers from exploiting free cash flows for their own benefits. The most important reason why dividends are paid, however, is the firms dividend history. Furthermore some firms issue dividends to get access to a new set of investors. Each of these reasons will be discussed next.With asymmetric information in the market, meaning that mangers hold better information regarding future prospects of the fi rm than investors, payout decisions may signal information. The common practice for dividend paying firms is to refine dividends and only cut them under extreme cases, which are addressed later, will cause the market to also believe the company is not able to confine its earnings in the near term. It also implies that once the company increases dividends it signals that the company is able to afford the higher dividend with increased earnings (Berk DeMarzo, 2007). Although most managers no time-consuming see payout policy as a tool to separate its company from competitors, it could be a reason for some to initiate dividends (Brav, Graham, Campbell, Harvey, and Michely, 2005). Especially when dividends are already part of historical business practice in these firms, and as management is very reluctant to cut dividends they will keep them in place. Another reason for managers to pay out dividends is its ability to prevent agency conflicts as the otherwise free cash flow is no long er in the hands of management. some managers, however, do not view payout policy as a means to self-imposed discipline.Access to new set of investors is also a reason why management will issue dividends (CASE). As different clienteles hold different preferences in income and in taxes to be paid, some have a stronger preference for dividends than others (Berk DeMarzo, 2007). To withdraw for instance mutual funds and European investors companies have more success when they issue dividends. Dividends are also more likely to attract retail investors as they prefer dividends over repurchases (Brav, Graham, Campbell, Harvey, and Michely, 2005).Why has the rate of dividend initiations changed over time?There has been a general trend away from dividends from the late 1970s through the rest of the twentieth century. In 1978, over 66 percent of the AMEX, NYSE, and NASDAQ firms paid a regular dividend. By 1999, only 21 percent were dividend payers. Below several reasons are listed for this trend, including changing firm characteristics, more stock option compensation, US tax law, and dividends inflexibility. Besides, in the late 1950s the starting point for most payout decisions was the payout ratio (Lintner, 1956), plot of land recently this is no longer a common practice for most firms. Firms that were going public in the 1980s and 1990s were early in their lifecycle, with colossal more growth opportunities than current profits (CASE). There tend to be fewer firms in this lifecycle that issue dividends (Graham et al, 2004). In a large part, technology firms, as Linear Technology, were driving this trend. Many of these firms were just about to reach the stage at which they were able to pay dividends, the stage where they began to earn regular and more foreseeable cash flows (CASE). But even large technology firms, that held stable cash flows, tended to restrain from dividends. One reason for this was the heavy use of stock option compensation. With the majority o f their pay in options, managers are not likely to pay dividends as it does not benefit them that much. Furthermore when dividends are issued instead of repurchases, the outstanding amount of stock is increased once options are exercised, resulting in a decrease in the earnings per share (CASE). Although US tax law changed in 2003, making it more attractive to issue dividends, they still are at a tax disadvantage compared to capital gains that can be deferred. Until 2003 outcome dividends was thus even at an even bigger disadvantage to other forms of pay-out (Brav, Graham, Campbell, Harvey, and Michely, 2005). This, however, does not explain the downward trend in dividends, but it does explain why dividends have never lift in popularity amongst managers. Unlike repurchases, managers are very reluctant to cut dividends and tend to smooth dividends. Among others, they are in most cases even more willing to throw overboard positive NPV projects, raise external funds, sell assets, or lay off sincere amounts of employees before cutting dividends. The asymmetry between dividend increases and decreases probably leads firms to restrain from issuing before having to resolve to the previously described in general unfavorable practices. Today managers are not so strict on payout ratios anymore. Furthermore, the speed of limiting, by correcting dividends to their target, is not as high as it once was. This could be a result of the declined benefits of being close to the target or the higher cost of adjustment (Brav, Graham, Campbell, Harvey, and Michely, 2005).What should Paul Coghlan recommend to the board?All in all, if LT pursues to maximize shareholder value, it would not be advisable to increase dividends. Considering the current economic turmoil and the refractory nature of dividend payments, dividend payments become undesirable. Additionally investing in new business opportunities would be beneficial for both the firm and the current shareholders. Although LT has not identified any positive NPV projects yet, there are opportunities in Asia, and therefore it would be wise for LT to return only part of its cash to the shareholders. They can best do this via a more flexible way such as special dividend or repurchases. Holding cash in the firm allows for a better credit rank when entering the capital market, when LT encounters a positive NPV project it wishes to invest in it can finance it partly by cash held and partly by debt financing. There is no ideal set up for cash returns but deriving from the advice of Rollins given in the case, it could be beneficial for LT to hold 1/4 of its cash as a cushion for economic turmoil, invest 1/4 of its cash in short-term securities to generate interest, hold 1/4 to be used in case of encountering good business opportunities, and return 1/4 to its shareholders via repurchases or a special dividend. This would still result in a $375m return for its shareholders.

Communication Skills To Deal With Aggressive Patients Nursing Essay

Communication Skills To Deal With Aggressive Patients c ar for EssayThis essay pull up stakes illustrate a personal obtain, which demonstrates how practitioners use good chat skills to deal with anger and aggression in patients who are in trouble oneself and also recognize and respect choice and unearthly needs of clients. I was disciple radiography of about 11 weeks on my premier(prenominal) clinical placement. I was working on x prick department which I dealt with and angry and apparitional patients. . I aim to explore my feelings about the events that transpired, and describe what I would do differently if anything similar situation happens in the rising using Graham (1998) fabric for reflection. The freshman centre of discussion shall be in reference to a patient who I volition identify as Mr X , to maintain confidentiality Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008) who came for x ray examination for his leg which was in plaster. As a student I attended Mr X with his conse nt and under the inadvertence of the mentor. Mr X stormed out of the room in anger after learning that I did not do the procedure right and another x ray was required. That would mean going over the process again yet the patient couldnt bear the pain. The second centre of discussion shall be referred to a nineteen grade old Islamic fe antheral who was referred from the outpatient department to the x ray department for a head scan due to persistent severe headache. I was doing receptionist duties and I booked her in. She was wearing a religious dress code that overlayed from head to toe apart from the eyes. As it was against her religion, she refused to take off the cloth binding her head for the scan to be conducted. Before her examination she came back to the reception office to ask if she could dismay a private room for a prayer. I gave her directions to a prayer room.Having been into placement for only first time I did not have k this instantledge to dealt or experience to dealt with angry and aggressive patients who are in pain. I remember that I lost my confidence and I was actually upset about myself for failing to handle the situation in a professional manner. As a student radiographers, I should recognise anger and aggression and ensure out the root cause of it. I am now aware that the best way of dealing with someones anger is to assess and recognise how they are feeling in order to help and diffuse the situation, Walker et al (2004). In light of the above case, I should have apologised for the mistake and use effective communication skills in explanation the the procedure needed for a plagiarize of the X ray was necessary. The best way to react to clients anger is by discovering and acknowledging it. Acknowledgment of anger is very important because the client will emphatically calms down. There are proven ways to diffuse tense situations and control anger before it rises to the level of conflict. Empathetic listening is necessary in this case, listen to the patient and truly guess his or her feelings and their needs. It is a way of disagreeing, without being disagreeable. Listen empathetically to the patients distress and apologise without lowerting defensive. Honest expression center explaining to the patient that you acknowledge his or her frustration in being told to go over the x ray examination process again, but the patient should infer that you a future radiographer and students make mistakes. Students should bear in mind that, any hurtful things said by the client are as a endpoint of his extreme suffering and they need time to work through their anger.Recent study suggests that, older population may use anger as a strategy for maintaining some sense of power over their own lives because as long as they remain angry or resistant, people will post-horse them. Walker et al (2004), as people get older, they are exposed to a wider variety of situations and are therefore less likely to find unexampled s ituation stressful, though some older people may be resistant to change. The patient was in severe pain, so i would think he used anger and aggression as a pain coping strategy. Cowan (2000), anger is therapeutic in relieving stress. Hyland and Donaldson (year please) say, health care professional can narrow patient anger by providing the selective in stressation the patients wants about his condition. So communication plays a very important part in diffusing tense situations.This experience taught me that, anger and aggression could be used as cover for deeper problems. Anger could be a cover up for fear, being used as a shield to keep other people at a distance so they are unable to see ones insecurities and weaknesses, Booth (2003). In real life, older adults are known to express anger outwardly less often and report to a greater extent inner control of anger using calming strategies as compared to their younger counterparts unless and otherwise. So, looking at the whole casua lty, the patient was upset to the core by the idea of going over the process again yet the pain was unbearable. I felt that the mr X was trying to express the stress he was going through due to pain. As a student radiography I should try to use my communication skills effectively to take control of the situation by calming Mr X down and be able to understand what he feels by listening to him and asking him questions. Communication is a two way flow of information that nourished client and professional relationship that establishes the base of information upon which health planning decision are made and programme developed Spradley and Allender (1996). . Health care professionals need to develop their communication skills of assessing patient. They should be able to form an impression of patients personality and assess the way patient reacts to particular types of situation, Alder et al (2004).To be more effective, as a student radiographers should attempt to understand the extent an d expression of the anger, the specific problems resulting from the anger, the function the anger serves and the underlying source of the anger.As a muslim, I am already aware that religious Muslim females from conservative communities will not accept to be examined by a male health care professionals. When miss X arrived for a head scan, I should I have explained to her that there are not a female radiographer in duty to scan her. Unfortunately I did not know she will refuse to be seen by a male radiographer as she was in severe pain. However, I was called to talk to her. I managed to explain to miss X that stripping her head for medical treatment for a few minutes was not a violation of Muslim religious rules and it was really important for the scan to be done, but she was not convinced. Miss X was a strict practicing young Muslim lady I never thought she would put religion first before her own health. I told Miss X that I will be her during the examination but she strongly decli ned. Few minutes after this incident a female radiographer came to collect her payslip and I asked her if she could scan miss X as she refused her colleague to examine her due to her religion belief. Religion is a very sensitive issue in health care. It plays a very important role in the lives of many religious clients. Putting religious needs first before health needs is unbelievable. This is how important religion is to other people.Many religions carry dress codes or guidelines on appearance and presentation. Overall, dress codes can be a powerful severalisement of self identity and be a marker of social identity that others will recognise, Giddens (2001). Muslim women are required to cover their bodies as a sign of modesty. Interpretation of the Haddiths differ, so you may see other Muslim women wearing just a head covering whereas others may only show their eyes and they are not allowed to take off their head covering in public or in the presence of men. Henley and Schott (199 9) state that some religions provide detailed rules, which may cover aspects of daily life such as prayer, and wearing of religious symbols. Therefore, members of the public and staff should acknowledge novelty and respect the differences within and between groups of people. Health care professionals should understand that each individual is unique and recognise our individual differences, Townsend, cited in Mackay et al (1998). These could be on the dimensions of race, culture, age and religious beliefs. It would be fair to say that, many of the problems faced in the work place around the issue of religion stem from a lack of knowledge and information about other faiths do and believe. However, in health service, patients religion is often noted and disregarded an important opportunity to find out more about the individual religious and spiritual needs is lost, Henley and Schott (1999).In todays multi cultural Britain, it is important for health care professionals to be aware of and evaluate the difference between Muslims and other religious groups and must demonstrate a non judgmental attitude towards clients. More training is required for members of staff to deliver a service of the highest standard that would not discriminate service users.In an attempt to appreciate diversity, most hospitals have reserved a room for prayers. Most religious patients would do a prayer before being seen for their appointments as they believe that a prayer could aid in recovery, not due to divine square off but due to psychological and physical benefits. Many studies have suggested that a prayer can reduce physical stress, regardless of the God or Gods a person prays to. Of course, other patients pray to seek guidance as the day progresses, and some say it promotes a more positive outlook and strengthen the will to live. In light of this, health care professionals need to demonstrate a willingness to learn about the patients religious beliefs and needs. They should have a deep understanding and a wider knowledge about a range of problems which arise from religious issues.In the provision of holistic care, both male and female radiographers should be always obtainable on duty to meet the religious needs of Muslim clients and other religious groups. Failure to meet the religious needs of patients would be seen as dissimilitude on the grounds of religion. So, members of staff require appropriate training and a range of skills to successfully work with ethnic minority clients to promote social inclusion. I believed that a good communication and open dialogue is the key to diffusing anger andproviding culturally sensitive care. I am now prepared for patients who get angry and aggressive. I had always thought before that it would not happen to me and that the person who was verbally attack was to blame in some way. . In the future where patients have an aggressive history, I will be more on my guard. I do feel that I am more aware of the potential of a nger and aggression and I have learned to approach situations in a different way from this experience. I have also prompted to read more about anger and aggression in the NHS and learn strategies to dealt with I will take the time to reassure and talk to the patient and ensure that I get their cooperative. Next time when I will be at reception duty, I will try to ask patients if they prefer to be seen by male or female radiographers. A female radiographer should be at least on call rota on duty. If possible, healthcare should be given by people of the same sex as the patient. For female patients, there is an overriding objective of modesty and privacy.

American Graffiti Essay -- essays research papers

American Graffiti (1973)      This classic move focuses on a single night in the early Sixties, the hopeful future of the main characters is followed by the events which occur. Steve (Ron Howard), and Curt (Richard Dreyfuss) will be leaving for college the very next day, the build up of years of hard work. Finally theyll be able to leave their small(a) hometown and "spread their wings", experiencing life in ways they never have. Curt is unattached to anyone, but Steve will be leaving behind his longtime miss Laurie (Cindy Williams), who happens to be Curts sister. Also remaining at home are Terry (Charles Martin Smith), a fumbling nerd, and John (Paul Le Mat), an older kid with "the fastest simple machine in the valley". The two main things that kids focused on in 1962, it was cars and music. Everyone whos anyone cruises the strip in their shiny automobiles and while theyre doing that theyre listening to Wolfman Jack on the radio. Music is an i ntegral part of this group, defining its moods, fears, desires and feeding from the same emotions.      Curt, a scholarship winner, is filled with doubt regarding his future. Everything that hes ever done has been aimed at college, yet at present the moment is upon him Curt wonders if instead he should take time off. Symbolic of this uncertainty is a blonde in a white T-bird elusive and please she always slips away from Curt when he nears. In contrast, Steve is (if a...

Egyptian Society: Traditional Middle Eastern Values Blended with Weste

Egyptian Society Traditional shopping mall Eastern Values Blended with Western Beliefs Amongst the turbid and dysfunction that is the Middle East lies the nation of Egypt. Egypt, a major country of the Middle East, is habitually considered stereotypical of Middle Eastern civilization, but further research guides one to the last that Egypt is far from a generic Middle Eastern country. Egypt has a strong tradition of nationalism that has been formed during its history, giving it a national unity that is practically non-existent in other Middle Eastern nations (1). This, as well as other advantages that Egypt has gained during its past, has allowed it to rise above the problems plaguing the rest of the Middle East and to form fundamentally its own unique society, which is notably different from that of its neighboring nations. Hannah Arendt is the author of The Human Condition, a book which is an effective aid in the explanation of the difference amid Egyptian society and t he rest of the Middle East. The Human Condition covers several aspects of different societies throughout history, but the focus of this paper will be on her discussion of private and public realms as well as her definition of a society. The two civilizations she uses to describe these distinct realms are ancient Greece and present-day America. antediluvian patriarch Greece had a highly structured society in which private and public lives were considered separate. A private realm consisted of the house and all that was entailed within it (2). There was a master of the house. The master of the house was the only one allowed to participate in the public realm and the only one considered a citizen. The public realm took range in a city setting, in which a large gro... ... Arabs 22117 - For further information on the Egyptian false sense of pride Ajami, Fouad. The ideate Palace of the Arabs Chapter 418 - Women and the Family in the Middle East 25Works CitedAjami, Fouad. The Drea m Palace of the Arabs. New York Vintage Books.Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition. New York Doubleday and familiarity Inc., 1959.Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock. Women and the Family in the Middle East. Texas University of Texas Press, 1985.Heikal, Mohammed. The Sphinx and the Commissar. USA Times Newspapers Limited, 1978.Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Jr. Egyptian Politics Understood. Cambridge, London Cambrigdge University Press, 1985.Simon, Reeva S. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. New York Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1996.Westbury, John. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1983.